Can we know anything based on the evidence of our senses?

Harvard Referenced

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“Can we know anything based on the evidence of our senses?”

This question invites you to consider theories of knowledge, including rationalist epistemologies
such as Descartes’ sceptical thinking in the Meditations and empiricist responses to it.
How should we define knowledge? How do we distinguish appearance from reality?
What is the difference between knowledge and belief?

Philosophy Essay Guidance:

Writing a philosophy essay is a chance to demonstrate critical thinking about a philosophical problem,
therefore avoid including biographical details about the thinker or historical context and concentrate on the argument only.

In answering the question, build an argument that responds explicitly to what is being asked (do not merely describe)
and come to a clear conclusion. Apply philosophical theories.
Aim to be original and contribute your own argument, supported by reasoning and evidence.
Consider counter arguments and explain why they are unconvincing (i.e. they lead to absurd consequences,
are circular, or self-contradictory). In short, in your essay make a case (just like a lawyer does in court).

Aim to use precise philosophical terminology where appropriate. This will help you be concise and relevant.

You may need to describe any relevant philosophical problem and key thinkers to demonstrate understanding.
Is the philosopher convincing and if so why? Can you refute what is being said? Does the philosopher make any assumptions?
What are the premises of the argument? What are the consequences of the argument? Are there any counter arguments?
Here are some strategies to help you begin to be critical:

• Find a difference of approach between philosophers. Whose argument is the most convincing and why?
Contrast their methodology and arguments.

• What are the consequences of the argument you are criticizing?
Can you use the same argument in a different way that leads to absurdity? (For example, with a thought experiment.)

• What assumptions or premises is the philosopher relying upon to build or rest his/her philosophical case?
Can you find objections to them?

• Can you think of any counter-arguments to your argument/position? How would you refute them?

Begin your essay with an introduction in which you state what your argument will be and how you will make it;
end your essay with a conclusion which reiterates your argument outlining what you have demonstrated.

An excellent, inexpensive study handbook is Nigel Warburton’s Philosophy: The Essential Study Guide (Routledge, 2004)

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